


Besides cultural background, experimental participants, types, sample types, intervention durations, differences in measurement methods, intervention types, and learning environments are the reasons for the differences in the effects of the interventions. The results showed that teacher education intervention positively affected TPACK (d = 0.839, p < 0.0001). Therefore, this study used a meta-analysis approach to review the published literature on teacher education programs to determine the impact on TPACK.

However, there has been controversy in academic circles concerning the effects of teacher education intervention in promoting the development of teacher TPACK. Many schools in the world have incorporated the training into teacher education plans. Teacher education is an important strategy for developing teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK).
